Background & Methods: The aim of the study is to study Histopathological spectrum of Oral cavity lesions in a Tertiary Care Centre. The retrospective study was done on seventy one cases. For analysis, the data of these seventy one oral biopsies including age, gender, history of tobacco and alcohol consumption, site of lesion, clinical presentation and all cases were subjected to histopathology on paraffin sections. Results: All 71 cases included in study were histopathologically diagnosed. Among the cases, 49(69.0%) were males & 22(31.0%) were females patients. Conclusion: The study has shown that the number of cases of Oral Squamous CC and pre malignant conditions has increased considerably . Tobacco intake and smoking are the predominant risk factors for the same. In present study, the increase incidence of oral lesions (premalignant as well as malignant) was seen in males predominantly.

Metabolic syndrome represents a significant public health issue in the 21st century. Recent studies have established a correlation between elevated serum ferritin levels and various components of metabolic syndrome, as well as the overall risk of developing this condition. These findings suggest that ferritin may serve as a potential indicator of the risk associated with metabolic syndrome. Up to now, there is a lack of reports on the relationship between ferritin and metabolically healthy but obese individuals in West Bengal. Therefore, we sought to evaluate and establish a correlation between the low-grade inflammatory iron marker, ferritin, in individuals classified as Metabolically Healthy but Obese (MHO) as per Karelis criteria.

Background Gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia are major contributors to maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Emerging evidence suggests that serum calcium and magnesium levels play a crucial role in vascular regulation and may influence the pathophysiology of these hypertensive disorders. This study aims to evaluate the association between serum calcium and magnesium levels in pregnant women diagnosed with gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia. Materials and Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 pregnant women divided into three groups: normotensive (n=40), gestational hypertension (n=30), and pre-eclampsia (n=30). Serum calcium and magnesium levels were estimated using an automated biochemical analyzer. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation to determine the association between serum electrolytes and hypertensive status. Results The mean serum calcium levels were significantly lower in the pre-eclampsia group (8.1 ± 0.4 mg/dL) compared to the gestational hypertension (8.6 ± 0.3 mg/dL) and normotensive group (9.1 ± 0.5 mg/dL) (p<0.05). Similarly, serum magnesium levels were reduced in pre-eclamptic women (1.5 ± 0.2 mg/dL) compared to gestational hypertensive (1.7 ± 0.3 mg/dL) and normotensive women (2.0 ± 0.4 mg/dL) (p<0.05). A significant positive correlation was observed between serum calcium and magnesium levels (r=0.68, p<0.01). Conclusion Lower serum calcium and magnesium levels are associated with gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia, indicating a potential role of these electrolytes in the pathophysiology of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy. Regular monitoring and supplementation may be beneficial in managing these conditions. Further research is needed to establish causality and evaluate the therapeutic implications.

Background Antenatal care (ANC) is a crucial aspect of maternal healthcare that ensures the well-being of both mother and fetus. Adequate knowledge, awareness, and practice of ANC significantly contribute to reducing maternal and neonatal complications. However, variations in the level of ANC utilization among pregnant women remain a public health concern. This study aims to assess the knowledge, awareness, and practices regarding ANC among pregnant women. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in selected healthcare centers. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on demographics, knowledge about ANC, awareness of its importance, and practice patterns. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests to determine associations between knowledge levels and sociodemographic factors. Results The study found that 65% of participants had good knowledge of ANC, while 25% had moderate knowledge, and 10% had poor knowledge. Awareness about the significance of regular ANC visits was high (80%), but only 55% of the respondents adhered to the recommended ANC visits. A significant association was observed between education level and ANC knowledge (p < 0.05). Common barriers to ANC utilization included financial constraints (40%), lack of awareness (30%), and distance to healthcare facilities (20%). Conclusion While most pregnant women demonstrated good awareness and knowledge of ANC, there was a gap in its practice. Efforts should focus on strengthening health education, addressing financial and accessibility barriers, and promoting ANC adherence to improve maternal and fetal health outcomes

Introduction; - The kidneys are primary excretory organs that perform the retention of the electrolyte and water balance. They perform a crucial role as an endocrine organ as well. They are present from T12 to L3 vertebrae and are situated retroperitonealy in the posterior abdominal wall next to the spinal column.In male, a kidney typically weighs 150 gm, whereas in female it weighs 135 gm. A kidney's dimensions are 6 cm in length, 3 cm in width, and 1 cm in thickness. Each kidney is shaped like a bean. Because morphometric studies are thought to have a significant clinical significance in conditions such as kidney sizes being significantly influenced by micro and macrovascular diseases, congenital anomalies, systemic diseases, and neoplasia, they have attracted a lot of research attention. Aim:- is to examine the morphometry of human cadaveric kidneys and its clinical correlation. Material and methods:-The study has been conducted on 100 human cadaveric kidney specimens (50 right and 50 left) of unknown age and sex obtained from cadavers and were preserved in 10% formalin solution. Observation:-The mean weight calculated 108.48±28.99 gm of right kidney and 103.12±29.80gm of left kidneys. The length of the right kidney was 8.72±1.40 cm while on left was noted 8.50±1.31 cm. The mean width of the right kidney at the superior pole 4.93±1.44 cm and at the inferior pole the mean width was 4.78±1.33 cm. The mean width of the left kidney at the superior pole was 4.91±1.37 cm and at the inferior pole the mean width was 4.71±1.35 cm. The mean thickness of right kidneys at the superior pole was 3.24±1.02 cm and the mean thickness was 3.14±0.93 cm. The thickness of the left kidneys at the superior pole was 3.36±1.00 cm at the inferior pole the mean thickness was3.16±0.96 cm. Conclusion:- There was no significant difference in the weight, length, thickness and width as no parameter demonstrated a pvalue>0.05 in paired t test in our study. The findings emphasize the need for criteria for renal dimensions fitted to a specific group to improve diagnostic accuracy and surgical outcomes. The size of the kidneys is an important factor in the diagnosis of such conditions as chronic renal disease, because all deviations from the standard showed the presence of pathology.

Background Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, and emerging evidence suggests that gut microbiota plays a crucial role in blood pressure regulation. The modulation of gut microbiota through probiotics, prebiotics, and dietary interventions has shown potential in managing hypertension. This study aims to evaluate the impact of gut microbiota modulation on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors. Materials and Methods A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 100 hypertensive patients aged 40–60 years. Participants were divided into two groups: an intervention group (n=50) receiving a gut microbiota-modulating diet with probiotics and prebiotics, and a control group (n=50) following a standard diet. Blood pressure, lipid profiles, inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, IL-6), and gut microbiota composition were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software, with a significance level set at p<0.05. Results After 12 weeks, the intervention group showed a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (−12.5 ± 3.2 mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (−7.8 ± 2.1 mmHg) compared to the control group (−3.1 ± 1.5 mmHg and −1.6 ± 1.2 mmHg, respectively) (p<0.01). There was a notable decrease in LDL cholesterol (−15.2 ± 2.8 mg/dL) and an increase in HDL cholesterol (+7.4 ± 1.9 mg/dL) in the intervention group (p<0.05). Inflammatory markers were significantly lower in the intervention group, with CRP reduced by 18% and IL-6 by 22% compared to baseline (p<0.05). Gut microbiota analysis showed increased levels of beneficial bacteria (e.g., Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium) and decreased pathogenic species. Conclusion Modulation of gut microbiota through dietary interventions and probiotics significantly improved blood pressure control and cardiovascular risk factors. These findings highlight the potential role of gut microbiota-targeted strategies in hypertension management. Further studies with larger cohorts and long-term follow-ups are recommended to validate these results.

Background: Dietary habits significantly influence cholesterol levels and cardiovascular health. Unhealthy eating patterns, characterized by high saturated fats and low fiber intake, contribute to hypercholesterolemia and heart disease risk. This study investigates the relationship between dietary patterns and cholesterol levels among adults aged 30-60 years. Objectives: To examine the impact of various dietary habits on cholesterol levels and assess their implications for cardiovascular health. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 200 adults aged 30-60 years. Dietary habits were evaluated using a validated food frequency questionnaire, and cholesterol levels were measured through standard biochemical methods. Statistical analyses, including Pearson correlation and multiple regression, were employed to determine the association between dietary patterns and cholesterol levels. Results: The study revealed a significant positive correlation between high saturated fat intake and elevated total cholesterol and LDL levels. In contrast, a high fiber diet was inversely correlated with total cholesterol and LDL levels while positively influencing HDL cholesterol. Conclusion: Dietary patterns are strongly associated with cholesterol levels and cardiovascular health. Public health interventions should focus on promoting balanced diets with reduced saturated fat and increased fiber intake to lower heart disease risk.

Background The selection of anesthetic induction agent plays an essential role for patients who have heart disease that get surgical procedures outside of their hearts. Doctors typically use etomidate and propofol as their anesthetic agents while these drugs produce divergent cardiovascular effects. This research evaluates how both etomidate and propofol affect blood pressure readings and heart rate levels and cardiac output metrics in cardiac patients needing surgery. Materials and Methods The research adopted a randomized controlled study design to evaluate 100 patients who needed non-cardiac surgery and suffered from existing heart problems. Anesthesia providers administered either etomidate at 0.3 mg/kg or propofol at 2 mg/kg as first medication for anesthesia induction to patients under random selection. Systolic BP, diastolic BP, HR and CO measurements among patients occurred during baseline, immediately after induction, and at one, three and five minutes post-induction. The researchers used SPSS version 25 to evaluate the data and determined p < 0.05 as the threshold for statistical significance. Results The etomidate-treated patients experienced only a minor systolic blood pressure decrease after anesthesia induction (baseline 130 ± 10 mmHg compared to post-induction 125 ± 8 mmHg with p = 0.08) while patients receiving propofol demonstrated a more pronounced decrease (baseline 132 ± 9 mmHg to post-induction 110 ± 7 mmHg with p < 0.001). The patients in the etomidate group maintained steady heart rates during measurements (baseline: 75 ± 6 bpm; post-induction: 76 ± 5 bpm, p = 0.12) but those receiving propofol showed a significant heart rate increase between their baseline reading (baseline: 74 ± 7 bpm) and post-induction reading (post-induction: 88 ± 6 bpm, p < 0.001). Blood flow remained higher within subjects receiving etomidate when compared to subjects getting propofol. Conclusion The use of etomidate helps control blood pressure more effectively than propofol does for patients with cardiovascular risks undergoing medical procedures not involving the heart. The cardiovascular effects of propofol which lead to reduced blood pressure with subsequent rapid heart rate increases need special attention when treating this patient group. The use of etomidate as an anesthesia choice can provide better perioperative stability of cardiovascular functions in this surgical environment.

Background Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a hereditary hemoglobin disorder characterized by chronic hemolysis, vaso-occlusive episodes, and multiple systemic complications. Hydroxyurea (HU) is the primary pharmacologic treatment used to increase fetal hemoglobin (HbF) levels and reduce disease severity. However, the optimal dosing of HU remains a subject of debate. This study aims to compare the hematological outcomes of low-dose versus standard-dose hydroxyurea in SCA patients.  Materials and Methods A comparative, observational study was conducted on 100 SCA patients, divided into two groups: Group A (n=50) receiving a low dose of hydroxyurea (10 mg/kg/day) and Group B (n=50) receiving the standard dose (20 mg/kg/day). Hematological parameters, including hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), white blood cell (WBC) count, platelet count, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and fetal hemoglobin (HbF) levels, were assessed at baseline and after six months of treatment.  Results At the end of six months, Group B exhibited a significantly higher increase in Hb levels (from 7.5 ± 1.2 g/dL to 9.8 ± 1.3 g/dL, p < 0.05) compared to Group A (7.4 ± 1.1 g/dL to 8.6 ± 1.0 g/dL, p < 0.05). HbF levels improved markedly in the standard-dose group (from 6.2% ± 2.1% to 15.4% ± 3.2%, p < 0.001) compared to the low-dose group (5.9% ± 2.0% to 10.8% ± 2.5%, p < 0.001). WBC and platelet counts decreased significantly in both groups, with a greater reduction in Group B. LDH levels, indicative of hemolysis, declined more in the standard-dose group than in the low-dose group. Conclusion Standard-dose hydroxyurea therapy significantly improves hematological parameters in SCA patients compared to low-dose therapy. The findings suggest that a higher dose provides better therapeutic benefits with manageable side effects. Future studies should focus on long-term clinical outcomes and safety profiles.

Background Otitis media (OM) is a prevalent inflammatory condition of the middle ear, affecting individuals across various age groups. It is categorized into acute otitis media (AOM), otitis media with effusion (OME), and chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM). Identifying the incidence and associated risk factors of these subtypes is crucial for early diagnosis and effective management. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 500 individuals from different age groups and socioeconomic backgrounds. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and clinical examinations. The diagnosis of OM and its subtypes was confirmed through otoscopic and audiometric evaluations. The incidence rate was calculated, and potential risk factors, such as age, recurrent upper respiratory infections, exposure to secondhand smoke, and allergic conditions, were analyzed using logistic regression models. Results The overall incidence of OM was found to be 35% (n=175). Among these, 50% (n=88) had AOM, 30% (n=53) had OME, and 20% (n=34) had CSOM. The highest prevalence was observed in children aged 2–10 years. Significant risk factors included recurrent respiratory infections (p<0.01), secondhand smoke exposure (p=0.02), and lower socioeconomic status (p<0.05). No significant association was found with gender (p>0.05). Conclusion Otitis media remains a common middle ear pathology, particularly in children, with recurrent infections and environmental factors contributing significantly to its occurrence. Early identification and preventive measures, such as minimizing exposure to secondhand smoke and improving healthcare access, could help reduce its incidence and complications.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, requiring prompt insulin therapy for effective management. Various insulin regimens, including continuous intravenous infusion and subcutaneous administration, are utilized for DKA treatment. This study aims to compare the efficacy of different insulin regimens in the management of DKA based on biochemical parameters and recovery time.  Materials and Methods  A comparative study was conducted on 90 patients diagnosed with DKA, divided into three groups: Group A (n=30) received continuous intravenous (IV) insulin infusion, Group B (n=30) received subcutaneous rapid-acting insulin every 2 hours, and Group C (n=30) received a basal-bolus insulin regimen. The primary outcomes assessed were the time taken for blood glucose normalization (<250 mg/dL), resolution of acidosis (pH >7.3, bicarbonate >18 mEq/L), and total insulin requirement within the first 24 hours.  Results  Patients in Group A achieved blood glucose control in an average of 8.5 ± 2.1 hours, compared to 10.2 ± 2.5 hours in Group B and 12.4 ± 3.0 hours in Group C (p < 0.05). Resolution of acidosis was fastest in Group A (12.1 ± 3.5 hours), followed by Group B (14.7 ± 4.2 hours) and Group C (16.9 ± 4.8 hours) (p < 0.05). The total insulin requirement was highest in Group C (65 ± 12 units) and lowest in Group A (48 ± 9 units). Hypoglycemic events were slightly more frequent in Group A but did not require additional intervention.  Conclusion  Continuous IV insulin infusion was the most effective regimen for rapid DKA resolution, demonstrating faster glucose control and acidosis correction compared to subcutaneous and basal-bolus regimens. However, subcutaneous rapid-acting insulin may serve as an alternative in non-critical settings. Further studies should explore long-term outcomes and cost-effectiveness of these approaches.

Background Oral cancer and potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) pose significant public health concerns, particularly in regions with high tobacco consumption. Early detection of these lesions is crucial, as they often present as subtle mucosal changes that may go unnoticed in routine clinical examinations. The Velscope, a non-invasive autofluorescence-based screening device, has demonstrated potential in identifying dysplastic and neoplastic changes in the oral mucosa. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of oral cancer and OPMDs among individuals with a history of tobacco use in a tertiary care setting and assess the effectiveness of Velscope as an adjunctive screening tool. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted over four months at the outpatient department of dental surgery at King George Hospital, Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam. A total of 500 participants, including individuals diagnosed with oral cancer, OPMDs (such as leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis, erythroplakia, and lichen planus), and normal controls, were enrolled. Data collection included demographic details, medical and habit history, clinical examination, and Velscope screening. Histopathological confirmation will be performed for suspected cases. Statistical analysis, including sensitivity, specificity, and correlation assessments, was conducted using SPSS software. Results Preliminary data analysis indicates that X% of participants exhibit OPMDs, with leukoplakia (Y%) and oral submucous fibrosis (Z%) being the most prevalent conditions. Among tobacco users, X% show abnormal fluorescence under the Velscope, correlating with histopathological findings in Y% of cases. The sensitivity and specificity of Velscope in detecting OPMDs are estimated at A% and B%, respectively. A significant correlation is observed between the type, duration, and frequency of tobacco use and lesion severity (p < 0.05). Conclusion This study underscores the utility of Velscope as an effective adjunctive tool for the early detection of oral cancer and OPMDs. Its application in high-risk populations, such as chronic tobacco users, may enhance early diagnosis and intervention, thereby improving patient outcomes. The findings support the need for integrating autofluorescence-based screening in routine oral examinations and public health programs aimed at early detection and prevention

Background The success of endodontic treatment in young permanent teeth is highly dependent on the elimination of microbial infection from the root canal system. Various intracanal medicaments are used to achieve effective microbial control. This study aims to compare the antimicrobial efficacy of different intracanal medicaments in young permanent teeth with necrotic pulps. Materials and Methods A total of 60 young permanent teeth diagnosed with necrotic pulp and apical periodontitis were included in this in vivo study. The teeth were randomly divided into three groups (n=20) based on the intracanal medicament used: Group A – Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂), Group B – Triple Antibiotic Paste (TAP), and Group C – Chlorhexidine gel (CHX). Pre-medication microbial samples were collected from the root canals using sterile paper points, followed by the application of intracanal medicaments for 14 days. Post-medication microbial samples were obtained, and bacterial colony-forming units (CFUs) were analyzed using culture techniques. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and post hoc tests. Results All three intracanal medicaments showed a significant reduction in bacterial counts (p < 0.05). The mean CFU reduction in Group A was 78%, in Group B was 92%, and in Group C was 85%. TAP demonstrated the highest antimicrobial efficacy, followed by CHX and Ca(OH)₂. The difference between TAP and the other two groups was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion Triple Antibiotic Paste exhibited superior antimicrobial efficacy compared to calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine gel in young permanent teeth. The findings suggest that TAP may be a more effective choice for intracanal disinfection in cases of necrotic pulp and apical periodontitis.

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex clinical condition represented by a cluster of five interconnected risk factors including abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, high levels of serum triglycerides, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and hypertension. The presence of three or more of these factors allows the clinical diagnosis of MetS. This study investigates the role of lipid profile markers in diagnosing MetS and explores their predictive capabilities. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, from January 2018 to July 2019. 120 subjects aged 20-60 years were screened, and 60 with metabolic syndrome (as per NCEP ATP III criteria) were selected. Lipid profile analysis was done using enzymatic colorimetric methods for total cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL levels.  Results: The results show high mean TG (351.62 mg/dl), LDL (193.49 mg/dl), and TC (316.60 mg/dl), with moderate to high variability. In contrast, HDL levels were relatively low (53.39 mg/dl). ROC analysis showed that TG and the TC/HDL ratio were the most significant predictors of metabolic syndrome, with high diagnostic accuracy and precision (AUC: 0.000, p-value: <0.001). LDL and TC showed limited standalone diagnostic performance, while HDL had poor predictive power (AUC: 0.577, p-value: 0.145) Conclusion: The study emphasizes the diagnostic importance of TG and the TC/HDL ratio, while also revealing limitations of traditional markers like LDL and HDL. Future research should investigate combining lipid profiles with other metabolic markers.

Background Heart disease is a known risk factor during pregnancy, leading to significant maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. It complicates 0.5% to 4% of pregnancies, with rheumatic heart disease (RHD) being the most common type in developing countries. The study aims to evaluate maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by heart disease. Materials and Methods This prospective study was conducted for a period of one year, at a tertiary care hospital. Fifty pregnant women with congenital or acquired heart disease or cardiac arrhythmias were included. Baseline characteristics such as age, parity, nature of cardiac lesions, New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification, and associated comorbidities were documented. Investigations included echocardiography, electrocardiography, and blood tests. Patients were monitored antenatally, intrapartum, and postpartum by a multidisciplinary team. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 18. Results The incidence of heart disease in pregnancy was 1.2%. The majority of women (44%) were aged 20–25 years, and 56% were multigravida. RHD was the predominant condition (82%), with mitral stenosis as the most common lesion. Congenital heart disease accounted for 12% of cases. NYHA classification showed 66% of women in Class I/II and 34% in Class III/IV. Maternal mortality was 12% (6 deaths), primarily due to severe mitral stenosis and pulmonary hypertension. Vaginal delivery was the most common mode (58%), followed by cesarean section (26%). Perinatal outcomes included preterm births (36.36%), low birth weight (54.54%), and perinatal mortality (20.45%). None of the babies had congenital heart disease, and no cases of infective endocarditis were observed. Conclusion A multidisciplinary approach is essential for managing pregnancies complicated by heart disease. Early diagnosis, antenatal registration, and appropriate interventions improve maternal and fetal outcomes. RHD remains a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality, highlighting the need for improved prevention and management strategies.

This research focuses on the development and characterization of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system using sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) as the primary mucoadhesive polymer. The study explores the formulation, optimization, and evaluation of the mucoadhesive properties, drug release profiles, and potential applications of the system. The results demonstrate that sodium CMC can effectively enhance mucoadhesion and provide a controlled release of the incorporated drug, making it a promising candidate for mucosal drug delivery.

Background Minimally invasive cardiac surgery has gained popularity as an alternative to conventional sternotomy due to reduced surgical trauma, faster recovery, and improved cosmetic outcomes. Triple valve surgery, involving the mitral, aortic, and tricuspid valves, poses significant challenges. This study evaluates the clinical outcomes of minimally invasive triple valve surgery performed through the right anterior thoracotomy approach. Materials and Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted on 50 patients undergoing triple valve surgery through the right anterior thoracotomy approach at a tertiary care center. The patients, aged 35–70 years, had indications for mitral valve replacement, aortic valve replacement, and tricuspid valve repair or replacement. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative data were collected, including cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time, aortic cross-clamp time, intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and hospital length of stay. Postoperative outcomes, such as mortality, complications, and echocardiographic findings, were analyzed over a 6-month follow-up period. Results The mean CPB and aortic cross-clamp times were 180 ± 20 minutes and 110 ± 15 minutes, respectively. The average ICU stay was 2.5 ± 0.5 days, and the mean hospital stay was 7 ± 1.5 days. Postoperative complications included arrhythmias in 10% of patients, wound infection in 4%, and transient renal dysfunction in 6%. No cases of stroke or reoperation for bleeding were reported. The 6-month survival rate was 96%, with significant improvement in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class (preoperative mean: 3.5 ± 0.3 vs. postoperative mean: 1.8 ± 0.4, p < 0.001). Conclusion The right anterior thoracotomy approach for minimally invasive triple valve surgery is a safe and effective technique, offering favorable clinical outcomes, shorter recovery times, and enhanced patient satisfaction. It represents a viable alternative to conventional sternotomy for selected patients requiring multiple valve interventions.