Background: Anatomical variations in the upper limb nerves are clinically significant due to their potential to alter surgical approaches, regional anesthesia procedures, and interpretations of neuropathies. These variations often go unnoticed until encountered during medical interventions. The current study aims to explore the anatomical variations in the upper limb nerves through detailed cadaveric dissection and analyze their clinical implications for healthcare professionals involved in surgical and diagnostic fields. Material and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy at a tertiary medical college over a period of 6 months. A cadaveric study was conducted on 60 formalin-fixed upper limbs obtained from 30 human cadavers (15 male and 15 female) aged between 40–70 years. Inclusion criteria encompassed well-preserved adult cadavers with no visible deformities, trauma, or previous surgical interventions on the upper limbs. Dissections followed standard protocols to examine the brachial plexus and terminal nerve branches. Results: The high prevalence of median nerve variations, especially in the form of early branching and atypical courses, with 46% of specimens showing variant A. The most common variation was the high origin of the ulnar nerve (18.3%), followed by communication between the median and musculocutaneous nerves (15%). The represented musculocutaneous nerve anomalies, with 47% demonstrating variant A, indicating a common communication with the median nerve. The highlighted ulnar nerve variations, including high origin and accessory branches, with 48% showing variant A, a relatively high incidence. The focused on radial nerve deviations, where 49% displayed variant A, often involving unusual courses through the spiral groove. The presented axillary nerve anomalies, with 50% demonstrating variant A, usually involving higher branching or abnormal muscular innervation. Conclusion: An awareness of anatomical variations in upper limb nerves is essential for clinical practice. These findings reinforce the need for careful dissection and interpretation during surgical and diagnostic procedures involving the brachial plexus and its branches.

Background: McConnell taping, developed by Australian physiotherapist Jenny McConnell, is a patellar taping technique designed to realign the patella medially, thereby reducing pressure on the lateral femoral condyle and alleviating pain. This technique involves applying a rigid tape to the patella in a specific direction, correcting its malalignment during movement. The tape provides mechanical correction and enhances proprioceptive feedback, leading to better muscle activation patterns. The potential of McConnell taping to offer immediate symptomatic relief and facilitate better engagement with rehabilitation protocols makes it a promising adjunctive therapy in LPCS management. Moreover, methodological variability and differences in outcome measures make comparisons difficult, reinforcing the need for well-designed comparative studies. Materials and Methods The study will be conducted at the Department of Physiotherapy, Index Physiotherapy college, with data collected from outpatient and sports rehabilitation clinics over a period of 12 months (Jan 2022 – Dec 2024). Participants will be randomly assigned into two groups using computer-generated random numbers: Group A: McConnell taping + Exercise therapy and  Group B: Exercise therapy alone.  Results Nearly 68 athletes from Group A resumed sports within 4 weeks compared to only 21 in Group B. This finding has substantial implications for athletic rehabilitation timelines. Moreover, taping was associated with high compliance, and only 10% of participants experienced mild, self-limiting skin irritation. Conclusion The present randomized controlled study provides strong evidence that McConnell taping, when used in conjunction with structured exercise therapy, significantly enhances clinical outcomes in young athletes suffering from Lateral Patellar Compression Syndrome (LPCS). Compared to exercise therapy alone, the addition of taping led to: Greater reduction in anterior knee pain (VAS scores).

Background: Lateral Patellar Compression Syndrome (LPCS) is a significant clinical entity within the spectrum of patellofemoral disorders, particularly among young athletes. It involves excessive lateral pressure exerted by the patella against the lateral femoral condyle, resulting in anterior knee pain, discomfort during physical activities, and a decline in athletic performance. McConnell taping, developed by Australian physiotherapist Jenny McConnell, is a patellar taping technique designed to realign the patella medially, thereby reducing pressure on the lateral femoral condyle and alleviating pain.  Materials and Methods The study will be conducted at the Department of Physiotherapy, Index Physiotherapy college, with data collected from outpatient and sports rehabilitation clinics over a period of 12 months (Jan 2022 – Dec 2024). Data will be analyzed using SPSS v25.0. Continuous variables will be expressed as Mean ± SD. Paired and unpaired t-tests will be used for intra- and inter-group comparisons. Categorical variables analyzed using chi-square test. A p-value <0.05 will be considered statistically significant. Results In our study, the significant reduction in patellar tilt angle in Group A (from 17.6° to 11.1°) compared to Group B (17.4° to 14.5°) confirms that taping contributes directly to mechanical correction. Group A showed a larger reduction in VAS (from 6.7 to 1.3) compared to Group B (6.6 to 3.1), along with superior improvements in Kujala scores (increase of ~30 points in Group A vs ~21 points in Group B). Conclusion The present randomized controlled study provides strong evidence that McConnell taping, when used in conjunction with structured exercise therapy, significantly enhances clinical outcomes in young athletes suffering from Lateral Patellar Compression Syndrome (LPCS). Compared to exercise therapy alone, the addition of taping led to: Greater reduction in anterior knee pain (VAS scores). Significant improvement in patellar alignment (patellar tilt angle). These outcomes affirm the biomechanical and neuromuscular advantages offered by taping, particularly in the initial stages of rehabilitation.

Background: Lateral epicondylitis, commonly known as tennis elbow, is one of the most prevalent overuse injuries affecting the elbow joint. It is characterized by pain and tenderness over the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, which is exacerbated by activities involving gripping or wrist extension. Despite the availability of multiple treatment modalities, a standard treatment protocol remains elusive, with variability in response among different individuals. Conservative management remains the mainstay of treatment, with surgical intervention reserved for those who do not respond to non-operative measures after six to twelve months.  Materials and Methods This is a Prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Physiotherapy at Index Physiotherapy College and hospital. Data will be collected from patients attending the outpatient department (OPD) and those referred for physiotherapy with a confirmed clinical diagnosis of lateral epicondylitis. The study will be conducted over a period of 24 months, including recruitment, intervention, and follow-up. Results The study included a total of 260 patients diagnosed with lateral epicondylitis. The mean age of participants was 42.3 years, with a fairly balanced gender distribution (53.8% male, 46.2% female). The majority of patients (65.4%) had involvement of their dominant hand, and the average symptom duration was 6.2 weeks. Clinical tests revealed a high positivity rate for Cozen’s (92.3%), Mill’s (86.5%), and Maudsley’s (80.8%) tests, confirming the clinical diagnosis. Baseline pain (VAS: 6.8 ± 1.1) and functional disability (PRTEE: 62.4 ± 8.7) were considerably high, while grip strength was reduced (18.3 ± 4.5 kg). The VAS score decreased from 6.8 at baseline to 0.8 at week 6, indicating excellent pain relief with the physiotherapy protocol.  Conclusion The results validate the use of a structured conservative approach in managing lateral epicondylitis. The improvements across all clinical domains, high safety profile, and alignment with established tendon healing mechanisms underscore its continued relevance in orthopedic practice

Background: Risk of hyperbilirubinemia is more in newborn due to increase in formation of bilirubin, which is due to increased destruction of red blood cells, defect in elimination of bilirubin due to deranged uptake by liver, inadequate conjugation due to immaturity of newborn and increase in entero-hepatic circulation. Earlier studies have already shown that almost 70% of circulating BDNF is found in the brain, thus asserting the brain as a major source of circulating BDNF. Moreover, the hippocampus and cortex regions of brain are the major source of plasma BDNF. A positive correlation between BDNF concentrations in the brain and serum has also been observed, since BDNF can cross the blood-brain barrier.  Material and Methods This study was a prospective and observational study was conducted in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) and postnatal ward and Department of Biochemistry at Index Medical College and Hospital over a period of 2 year. The study aimed to measure serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) levels in preterm and full-term neonates and assess its association with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Neonates admitted to the NICU or postnatal ward were enrolled based on the following inclusion and exclusion criteria. Serum BDNF concentrations were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): The assay was performed according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Samples were analyzed in duplicate, and absorbance readings were measured using a microplate reader at 450 nm.  Results The average gestational age for preterm neonates is 30.2 weeks, with a standard deviation of 3.4 weeks. The average gestational age for full-term neonates is 39.1 weeks, with a standard deviation of 1.1 weeks. The average serum BDNF level is 12.3 ng/mL, with a standard deviation of 3.5 ng/mL. The average serum BDNF level is 22.1 ng/mL, with a standard deviation of 5.2 ng/mL. A larger proportion of preterm neonates (43.5%) fall in the 10-15 mg/dL range, indicating that 43.5% of preterm neonates have moderate levels of bilirubin. A smaller proportion of preterm neonates (26.1%) have bilirubin levels greater than 15 mg/dL, which suggests that hyperbilirubinemia (high bilirubin levels) is less severe in preterm infants compared to full-term infants.  Conclusion This study highlights a significant difference in serum BDNF and bilirubin levels between preterm and full-term neonates and establishes a negative correlation between bilirubin and BDNF.

Background: Bus drivers play a critical role in public transportation systems, ensuring mobility and accessibility for the general population. However, the occupational hazards associated with the profession have been largely overlooked. Research indicates that the physical and psychological toll of the job contributes significantly to long-term health complications. The present study is an attempt to explore the health hazards among the bus drivers and conductors employed in State Road Transport Corporations. Apart from physiological factors, environmental and occupational hazards also play a significant role in the health risks faced by bus drivers.  Materials and Methods This is a prospective, observational and Randomized study. The present study was carried out with the participation of 90 College bus drivers working in Index Medical College transportation system from 2022 to 2024. Then, physiological parameters included systolic blood pressure (BP), diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate (HR) was measured twice; the first measurements were done before driving, in a situation in which the drivers were exposed to the minimum levels of environmental stressors. Then, the measurements were repeated as soon as a whole cycle of driving was completed.  Results This table provides an overview of the study participants. The mean age of the bus drivers is 42.5 years, with an average of 10.3 years of experience. They work 8 hours per day and 6 days per week, which indicates a consistent exposure to occupational stressors. Systolic BP increasing by 14 mmHg, diastolic BP by 7 mmHg, and heart rate by 8 bpm. Noise level has the highest impact on BP (β=0.45, p=0.001) and HR (β=0.52, p<0.001). WBV also significantly affects BP (β=0.39, p=0.003) and HR (β=0.42, p=0.002). HAV has a weaker but still significant effect on BP (β=0.21, p=0.048) and HR (β=0.27, p=0.035). Conclusion Driving tasks significantly increase systolic BP (14 mmHg), diastolic BP (7 mmHg), and heart rate (8 bpm), indicating acute physiological stress. Statistical tests confirm these changes are highly significant (p < 0.05), suggesting potential long-term cardiovascular risks. Noise shows the strongest correlation with BP (r=0.65) and HR (r=0.72), followed by WBV and HAV

Background: The health and well-being of bus drivers have become an important area of research due to the demanding nature of their work. Long hours of driving, exposure to traffic pollution, irregular work schedules, and the sedentary nature of their job contribute to various health issues. Noise and Vibration Exposure are Chronic exposure to traffic noise and vibrations can lead to hearing loss, increased stress levels, and musculoskeletal problems. The effects of prolonged noise exposure include heightened blood pressure, cardiovascular strain, and disrupted concentration levels.  Materials and Methods This is a prospective, observational and Randomized study. The present study was carried out with the participation of 90 College bus drivers working in Index Medical College transportation system from 2022 to 2024. To measure the city bus drivers' exposures to noise and vibration, their work schedule of them was investigated for two weeks. Based on our investigation, the majority of bus drivers work one shift in a day (morning or afternoon), with a weekly rotation. They worked 8 h a day and six days a week. The working plan of the studied city bus drivers is in this way: they move through certain routes to transfer the passengers. As shown in, to measure the noise exposure, a noise dosimeter was applied. This device is small and attached to the left side of drivers' collar within their hearing zone.  Results Noise exposure (89 dB) exceeds the 85 dB OEL, which means drivers are frequently exposed to harmful noise levels. WBV (1.2 m/s²) exceeds the OEL of 0.9 m/s², suggesting that continuous exposure could lead to musculoskeletal disorders. HAV (3.1 m/s²) is below the OEL of 5 m/s², indicating that the exposure level is within safe limits. Overall, both noise and WBV levels are concerning, with potential risks for hearing loss and spinal health problems. As traffic congestion increases, noise exposure rises significantly. The highest noise exposure (94 dB) in heavy traffic exceeds the 85 dB OEL by a wide margin, putting drivers at risk of long-term hearing damage. Conclusion Noise exposure (89 dB) and whole-body vibration (WBV) (1.2 m/s²) consistently exceed occupational exposure limits (OELs), posing risks for hearing loss and musculoskeletal disorders. Hand-arm vibration (HAV) (3.1 m/s²) remains within safe limits but increases with traffic congestion. Stressors like interpersonal relationships (moderate stress) and physical conditions (highest stress) further contribute to the drivers' workload.

Introduction: Chronic Kidney disease (CKD) is renal damage for ≥3 months, defined by structural or functional deformities of renal (clinical deformities or deformities of imaging or the structure of blood), with or without reduced GFR.  Aim and Objectives Correlation Between Antioxidant Status and Microalbuminuria in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Material and Methods:  This is an Observational or cross-sectional study conCKD patients from outpatient clinics or hospitals, Index Medical College. Patients diagnosed with CKD stages 1–5, based on the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines. Demographic and Clinical Data: Collect information on age, gender, duration of CKD, comorbidities, medications, and lifestyle factors. Antioxidant Status Assessment: Measure antioxidant biomarkers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) using validated assays. Result The mean age of the study population is 55.3 years, with a standard deviation of 12.4 years, indicating a relatively wide age range. The study population is nearly evenly distributed between males (52%) and females (48%). The majority of participants (45%) are in CKD Stage 3, which is characterized by moderate kidney damage (eGFR 30–59 mL/min/1.73 m²). The mean duration of CKD is 6.2 years, with a standard deviation of 4.1 years, indicating variability in disease duration among participants. Mean Level of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) is 12.3 ± 3.2 U/mL. Mean Level of Catalase is 45.6 ± 10.4 U/mL. Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) Mean Level is 8.7 ± 2.1 U/mL and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) were 1.2 ± 0.3 mmol/L. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Levels: SOD levels decrease from 14.2 U/mL in Stage 1 to 9.2 U/mL in Stage 5. Catalase levels show a gradual decline from 50.1 U/mL (Stage 1) to 36.8 U/mL (Stage 5). Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) Levels drop from 10.2 U/mL in Stage 1 to 6.8 U/mL in Stage 5. Conclusion This study demonstrates a significant negative correlation between antioxidant status and microalbuminuria in CKD patients, consistent with previous research. The findings highlight the role of oxidative stress in CKD progression and suggest that interventions targeting oxidative stress may help reduce microalbuminuria and slow disease progression.