Background: The mitral valve is a complex anatomical structure whose morphometry is critical for understanding cardiac function, surgical intervention, and prosthetic valve design. Despite the importance of precise valve dimensions, detailed anatomical data from cadaveric specimens, particularly in the Indian population, remains limited. Objective: To study the morphometric parameters of the mitral valve complex in adult human cadaveric hearts and identify any sex-based anatomical variations. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 40 formalin-fixed adult human cadaveric hearts (26 male, 14 female) at Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital, Mumbai. Standard anterior left atriotomy was performed to expose the mitral valve. Key parameters—annular circumference, anteroposterior and transverse diameters, leaflet dimensions, chordae tendineae length and number, commissural lengths, and papillary muscle distances—were measured using digital Vernier calipers and flexible measuring tools. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 27.0, with independent t-tests applied to compare male and female specimens. Results: The mean mitral annular circumference was 92.6 ± 5.2 mm. The anterior leaflet height and posterior leaflet width measured 19.3 ± 1.7 mm and 33.7 ± 3.2 mm, respectively. Significant differences were noted between male and female hearts in annular circumference (p = 0.011), anterior leaflet height (p = 0.034), and papillary muscle distance (p = 0.027). Other parameters showed no significant sex-related differences. Conclusion: This study provides essential baseline morphometric data on the mitral valve in adult Indian cadavers. The findings have direct implications for anatomical education, surgical planning, and development of gender-sensitive prosthetic mitral valves.

Background & Methods: The aim of the study is to assess Anaemia in patients of primary hypothyroidism. The study included patients who were aged 15 years and above, diagnosed with anemia (Hb < 13.5 g/dl in males; < 11.5 g/dl in females), and had primary hypothyroidism. It excluded patients with secondary hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, those aged below 15 years, and patients who were currently taking medications for hypo/hyperthyroidism. Results: Most patients (85%) showed normocytic normochromic peripheral smears, indicating average red blood cell size and haemoglobin content. The presence of macrocytic normochromic (3%) and macrocytic hyperchromic (5%) smears suggests some patients have larger than normal red blood cells, potentially indicative of certain types of anaemia. Microcytic hypochromic smears (7%) suggest iron deficiency anaemia or other conditions causing smaller, paler red blood cells. Conclusion: The study concludes that anaemia is a common condition in patients with primary hypothyroidism, especially among middle-aged adults and predominantly females. Frequently observed clinical symptoms included weight gain, Fatigability, and pallor. Blood tests indicated that most patients had normocytic normochromic anaemia along with significant iron deficiency. These findings highlight the critical need for specific diagnostic and treatment strategies to manage anaemia in patients with hypothyroidism effectively.

Introduction: Acute coronary syndrome includes group of diseases in which blood flow to the heart is reduced. It includes ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and unstable angina. According to various literature review done on STEMI in young patients across different countries, the common risk factors include smoking, alcohol, history of ischemic heart disease, the most common angiographic finding being single vessel disease. Objectives: To estimate the clinical presentation and risk factors among young patients presenting with STEMI. Method: We included patients <45 years who arrived to emergency care, diagnosed with ACS-STEMI and underwent PTCA and admitted in department of cardiology from May 2023 to May 2024. In patient records were used to collect the required data like clinical presentation, risk factors, angiographic findings, laboratory investigations, results of PTCA and in hospital outcomes. Result:  Out of 54 patients diagnosed with STEMI and underwent PTCA, 81% were males, 50 % belonging to age group of 41-45 years and 64 % of them from a rural population. Chest pain was the universal complaint, with major risk factors like smoking (57%), history of diabetes mellitus (33%), high low-density lipoprotein (50%), low high-density lipoprotein (98%) and raised haematocrit in males (34%). AWMI was more common (76%), with LAD being the culprit vessel. Nearly all patients achieved TIMI grade III flow post PTCA with no complication and mortality. Conclusion: The study suggests that STEMI among the young population included more males, smokers, with diabetes mellitus, high low-density lipoprotein, low high-density lipoprotein and chest pain being the universal complaint. Left anterior descending artery was the culprit vessel with no mortality post PTCA among young.

Gene editing is a revolutionary approach in cardiovascular medicine and has the potential to address the basic genetic roots of diseases that have been resistant to conventional therapeutic strategies. This review compiles the existing literature on editing technologies for genes as they apply to cardiovascular disease therapeutics. Between January 2010 and April 2024, we identified 1,426 eligible records from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science searches, and 65 studies (randomized controlled trials, original research, and systematic reviews) met the inclusion criteria. The review identifies critical genes, such as PCSK9, ANGPTL3, and APOB, and explores CRISPR-Cas9 and base editing approaches. It also investigates virus- and lipid-based nanocarrier systems for delivering therapeutic possibilities. Preclinical and early-phase clinical studies have demonstrated favorable results, predominantly for cholesterol lowering and atherosclerosis regression [1–5]. Nonetheless, there are still challenges, such as off-target effects, ethical issues and the lack of adequate regulations [6–9]. Although significant progress has been made in a short period, additional long-term research is needed to determine safety, effectiveness, and clinical feasibility [10–13]. The review also addresses the ethical and regulatory considerations that govern gene editing interventions, emphasizing the need for a uniform policy in the conduct of such trials [14–16].

Introduction: Present study was carried out on 56 Senior citizens of Dhule city who were members of Senior citizen club opted voluntarily as subjects for the project.  Purpose: To find effect of Lifestyle on Health status of Senior Citizens.   Material: 56 Senior Citizens of Dhule city who were members of Senior citizen club opted voluntarily as subjects for the project.  Setting and Design: It was a cross-sectional study. Method: Retrospective study of life style of senior citizens attending senior citizens club. A questionnaire was prepared which includes detail history regarding mode of transport used job activity, habits and diet. And history of any present illness.  Results:  It was found that 51.8% were healthy in that 72.41% were using walking /bicycle as the mode of transport to work place and only 24.13% were using vehicle as mode of transport and 82.75% were pure Vegetarians and 17.24% mixed diet. While 48.21 % were having health problems in that 48% were using vehicle as the mode of transport to work place and 51.85% were using walking /bicycle as mode of transport and 51.85% were pure Vegetarians and 48.14 % mixed diet.  Conclusion: Using walking /bicycle as the mode of transport to work place and proper diet can help in healthy ageing

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common metabolic complication of pregnancy, characterized by glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during gestation. It is associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, including preeclampsia, macrosomia, and increased rates of operative delivery. Timely diagnosis and appropriate management are essential to minimize these risks. This study aimed to evaluate maternal and fetal outcomes in women diagnosed with GDM in a tertiary care hospital setting. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based observational study was conducted over 12 months in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of a tertiary care centre. A total of 220 pregnant women diagnosed with GDM by the International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) criteria were included. Demographic details, obstetric history, maternal complications, and fetal outcomes were recorded. Glycaemic control was achieved through dietary modification, medical nutrition therapy, and insulin therapy when required. Data were analysed using SPSS v26.0, with results expressed as frequencies, percentages, and mean ± standard deviation. Results: The mean age of participants was 28.6 ± 4.2 years, with the majority in the age group 26–35 years (62.3%). Caesarean section was the most common mode of delivery (58.6%), followed by vaginal delivery (41.4%). Maternal complications included preeclampsia (18.2%), polyhydramnios (12.7%), and preterm labour (9.5%). Fetal outcomes showed macrosomia in 14.5%, neonatal hypoglycaemia in 11.8%, and NICU admission in 16.4% of cases. Stillbirth was reported in 1.8% of cases. Poor glycaemic control was significantly associated with higher rates of macrosomia and NICU admission (p<0.05). Conclusion: GDM is associated with increased maternal and neonatal complications, particularly when glycaemic control is suboptimal. Early screening, strict glucose monitoring, and multidisciplinary management are crucial in reducing adverse outcomes and improving perinatal health.

Background:  Body mass index (BMI) is an important anthropometric indicator that may influence respiratory mechanics by altering lung volumes and airflow parameters. Both underweight and overweight conditions can adversely affect pulmonary function. Understanding this relationship in healthy young adults can help in early identification of individuals at risk of respiratory impairment. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 healthy young adults aged 18–25 years. BMI was calculated as weight (kg) divided by height squared (m²) and participants were categorised as underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese according to WHO criteria. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) were performed using a calibrated spirometer to record forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁), FEV₁/FVC ratio, and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and Pearson correlation, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results: Mean BMI of the study population was 22.3 ± 3.1 kg/m². FVC and FEV₁ were highest in the normal BMI group (FVC: 4.12 ± 0.51 L; FEV₁: 3.48 ± 0.42 L) compared to underweight (FVC: 3.71 ± 0.47 L; FEV₁: 3.21 ± 0.38 L) and obese participants (FVC: 3.65 ± 0.50 L; FEV₁: 3.08 ± 0.40 L), with statistically significant differences (p = 0.003 for FVC; p = 0.005 for FEV₁). BMI showed a moderate negative correlation with FVC (r = −0.36, p < 0.01) and FEV₁ (r = −0.34, p < 0.01). The FEV₁/FVC ratio remained within normal limits across all BMI categories. Conclusion: In healthy young adults, higher BMI is associated with reduced lung volumes, while both underweight and obesity appear to negatively impact pulmonary function. Maintaining an optimal BMI may contribute to better respiratory performance.

Background: Adequate sleep plays a crucial role in maintaining cognitive function, memory consolidation, and learning efficiency. Medical students often experience irregular sleep patterns due to demanding academic schedules, which may adversely affect academic performance. Limited research from developing countries specifically examines the quantitative association between sleep duration and academic outcomes in this group. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between average nightly sleep duration and academic performance among undergraduate medical students. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 312 undergraduate medical students from all academic years in a tertiary medical college. Data on demographic details, average sleep duration over the past month, and most recent academic examination scores were collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire. Students were categorized into three groups based on sleep duration: short (<6 hours/night), adequate (6–8 hours/night), and long (>8 hours/night). Academic performance was compared across groups using one-way ANOVA, and Pearson’s correlation was applied to assess the relationship between sleep duration and scores. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of participants was 21.4 ± 1.9 years, with a female predominance (58.7%). The distribution of students by sleep category was: short sleep – 38.1%, adequate sleep – 46.8%, and long sleep – 15.1%. The mean academic scores were 61.2 ± 8.5, 69.8 ± 7.6, and 63.4 ± 8.1 for short, adequate, and long sleepers respectively, with a significant difference between groups (F=19.42, p<0.001). Pearson’s correlation showed a positive association between sleep duration and academic scores (r=0.42, p<0.001) up to 8 hours, beyond which the trend plateaued. Conclusion: Adequate sleep duration of 6–8 hours per night was significantly associated with better academic performance among medical students. Both insufficient and excessive sleep were linked to comparatively lower scores. Incorporating sleep hygiene education into student wellness programs may help optimize academic outcomes.

Background: The widespread use of smartphones among medical students has led to increased concerns about digital eye strain, also known as computer vision syndrome. Prolonged screen exposure can cause symptoms such as eye fatigue, blurred vision, and headaches, potentially affecting academic performance and quality of life. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and key determinants of smartphone-induced ocular strain among medical college students. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 80 undergraduate medical students aged 18–25 years. Data were collected using a prevalidated questionnaire assessing sociodemographic details, smartphone usage patterns, and ocular symptoms. Visual acuity was tested using a Snellen chart, and ocular fatigue was assessed with a standard symptom score. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression to identify significant determinants. Results: The prevalence of smartphone-induced ocular strain was 65% (n=52). The mean daily smartphone usage time among affected students was 6.3 ± 1.4 hours, compared to 3.8 ± 1.1 hours in unaffected students (p < 0.001). Significant determinants included daily usage >4 hours (Odds Ratio [OR] = 3.25, 95% CI: 1.42–7.42, p = 0.005) and viewing distance <30 cm (OR = 2.84, 95% CI: 1.19–6.78, p = 0.015). The most common symptoms were eye fatigue (76.9%), blurred vision (65.4%), and headache (51.9%). Conclusion: Smartphone-induced ocular strain is prevalent among medical students, with usage duration and close viewing distance as significant risk factors. Awareness campaigns and preventive strategies such as the 20-20-20 rule and ergonomic smartphone use are recommended to reduce ocular health risks.

Background: Hypertension is an emerging public health concern among young adults, especially in urban areas where sedentary lifestyles are prevalent. Regular physical activity is recognized as an effective non-pharmacological strategy to reduce blood pressure, yet data specific to young urban populations remain limited. This study aimed to assess the impact of regular physical activity on resting blood pressure in young adults residing in urban settings. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted among 200 healthy young adults aged 18–25 years in a metropolitan city. Participants were divided into two groups: those engaging in regular physical activity (≥150 minutes/week; n=100) and those with sedentary lifestyles (<60 minutes/week; n=100). Resting systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured using a standardized sphygmomanometer after 10 minutes of rest. Data were analyzed using independent t-tests, with statistical significance set at p<0.05. Results: The physically active group had significantly lower mean SBP (114.2 ± 7.5 mmHg) and DBP (72.4 ± 5.8 mmHg) compared to the sedentary group (SBP: 121.5 ± 8.1 mmHg; DBP: 76.9 ± 6.2 mmHg; p<0.001 for both). The prevalence of prehypertension was 12% in the active group versus 28% in the sedentary group (p=0.004). Conclusion: Regular physical activity is associated with significantly lower resting blood pressure and reduced prevalence of prehypertension in young urban adults. Public health strategies should emphasize incorporating routine physical exercise into daily life to prevent early onset hypertension.

Background: Unexplained infertility remains a challenging diagnosis, accounting for 15–30% of infertility cases. Emerging evidence indicates that the composition of the vaginal microbiota may influence reproductive outcomes by modulating the local immune environment and endometrial receptivity. This study aimed to assess the association between vaginal microbiota profiles and in vitro fertilization (IVF) success rates in women with unexplained infertility. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study included 120 women aged 25–38 years with a diagnosis of unexplained infertility undergoing their first IVF cycle at a tertiary fertility center. Vaginal swabs were collected during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, prior to controlled ovarian stimulation. Microbiota profiling was performed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Based on Lactobacillus dominance, participants were grouped into: Lactobacillus-dominant (LD) and non-Lactobacillus-dominant (NLD) groups. Clinical pregnancy following embryo transfer was recorded. Statistical analysis was conducted using chi-square and logistic regression to evaluate associations between microbial profiles and pregnancy outcomes. Results: Of the 120 participants, 68 (56.7%) were categorized in the LD group and 52 (43.3%) in the NLD group. The clinical pregnancy rate in the LD group was significantly higher at 48.5% (33/68) compared to 21.2% (11/52) in the NLD group (p = 0.002). Presence of Gardnerella vaginalis and Atopobium vaginae was associated with lower implantation rates (p < 0.05). Logistic regression indicated that Lactobacillus dominance was an independent predictor of IVF success (OR = 2.9; 95% CI: 1.4–6.1; p = 0.004). Conclusion: Vaginal microbiota composition, particularly dominance by Lactobacillus species, is positively associated with higher IVF success rates in women with unexplained infertility. Microbiome profiling may serve as a valuable non-invasive biomarker for predicting reproductive outcomes and guiding personalized treatment strategies.

Background: Vitamin D plays a vital role in immune modulation, influencing both innate and adaptive immune responses. Deficiency in serum vitamin D has been associated with increased susceptibility to respiratory infections. Undergraduate students, often exposed to crowded environments and irregular lifestyles, may be at heightened risk for upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). This study aimed to assess the correlation between serum vitamin D levels and the incidence of URTIs among undergraduate students. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 180 undergraduate students aged 18–25 years from a university campus. Participants were recruited through random sampling and completed a structured questionnaire regarding demographic details, dietary habits, and frequency of URTIs in the past six months. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels were measured using chemiluminescent immunoassay. Vitamin D status was categorized as deficient (<20 ng/mL), insufficient (20–29 ng/mL), or sufficient (≥30 ng/mL). Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient, ANOVA, and logistic regression, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Of the participants, 42.2% were vitamin D deficient, 36.7% insufficient, and 21.1% sufficient. The mean serum vitamin D level was 21.8 ± 7.5 ng/mL. The mean number of URTI episodes in the past six months was highest in the deficient group (3.1 ± 1.2) compared to the insufficient (2.0 ± 0.9) and sufficient groups (1.4 ± 0.6) (p < 0.001). Pearson’s correlation showed a significant inverse relationship between vitamin D levels and URTI frequency (r = –0.46, p < 0.001). Logistic regression indicated that vitamin D deficiency increased the odds of ≥3 URTI episodes by 2.8 times (95% CI: 1.5–5.1, p = 0.002). Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent among undergraduate students and is significantly associated with an increased incidence of URTIs. Regular screening and appropriate supplementation strategies may help reduce infection burden in this population.

Background: Preeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy that contributes significantly to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Although several biomarkers have been proposed for early prediction, none have achieved widespread clinical utility. Emerging evidence suggests that circulating cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) in maternal plasma may carry epigenetic signatures, particularly DNA methylation profiles, that reflect placental dysfunction and could serve as non-invasive early biomarkers for PE. Materials and Methods: This prospective study enrolled 180 pregnant women during their first trimester (10–14 weeks of gestation) at a tertiary care center. Peripheral blood samples were collected and plasma cffDNA was isolated. Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling was conducted using bisulfite conversion followed by Illumina EPIC array analysis. Participants were followed throughout gestation, and the cohort was stratified into two groups: those who later developed preeclampsia (n=30) and those with normotensive pregnancies (n=150). Differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified using bioinformatics pipelines, and statistical analyses were performed to determine associations with PE onset. Results: Distinct methylation signatures were observed in the cffDNA of women who subsequently developed preeclampsia. A total of 127 DMRs (FDR < 0.05) were significantly associated with PE, including hypomethylation in genes associated with placental angiogenesis such as FLT1, ENG, and INHBA. The top predictive methylation markers yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.89 (95% CI: 0.82–0.94) for distinguishing PE from normotensive pregnancies. Sensitivity and specificity at the optimal cutoff were 86.7% and 81.3%, respectively. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that methylation profiles of cffDNA in early pregnancy are significantly associated with the later development of preeclampsia. These epigenetic signatures offer a promising non-invasive biomarker platform for early PE prediction and may facilitate timely clinical interventions.

Background: Anaemia during pregnancy is a major public health concern, particularly in developing countries, and is associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Early detection and management through routine antenatal care are essential for reducing complications. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in a tertiary care hospital and to assess its association with demographic and obstetric factors. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted over 12 months among 450 pregnant women attending the antenatal outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital. Data on sociodemographic and obstetric variables were collected using a structured questionnaire. Venous blood samples were analyzed for haemoglobin concentration using an automated hematology analyzer. Anaemia was classified according to WHO criteria: mild (10–10.9 g/dL), moderate (7–9.9 g/dL), and severe (<7 g/dL). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v26.0, with chi-square tests applied to assess associations; p-values <0.05 were considered significant. Results: The overall prevalence of anaemia was 58.4% (n=263). Of these, 42.2% had mild anaemia, 47.5% had moderate anaemia, and 10.3% had severe anaemia. Anaemia was significantly higher among women in the third trimester (68.1%) compared to the first (45.3%) and second trimesters (53.4%) (p=0.002). Women from lower socioeconomic backgrounds exhibited a higher prevalence (72.4%) compared to those from middle (55.6%) and upper strata (38.9%) (p<0.001). Multiparous women showed a greater tendency toward anaemia (64.8%) than primigravidae (50.9%) (p=0.015). Conclusion: Anaemia is highly prevalent among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics, particularly in later gestational stages, among multiparous women, and in those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. Strengthening nutritional counselling, iron supplementation programs, and targeted interventions for high-risk groups are essential to reduce the burden of maternal anaemia.

Background: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are among the leading causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. They include gestational hypertension, preeclampsia–eclampsia, and chronic hypertension with superimposed preeclampsia. HDP is strongly associated with adverse neonatal outcomes such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and increased neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admissions. This study aimed to determine the incidence of HDP and evaluate its association with adverse neonatal outcomes in a tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted over 12 months in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at a tertiary care teaching hospital. A total of 620 pregnant women beyond 20 weeks of gestation were enrolled, of whom those diagnosed with HDP were identified and categorized as per the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) guidelines. Data regarding maternal demographics, type of HDP, and neonatal outcomes (birth weight, gestational age at delivery, NICU admission, stillbirth, and Apgar score) were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v26.0, with Chi-square tests applied to assess associations; p-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The overall incidence of HDP was 11.9% (n=74). Preeclampsia was the most common subtype (54.1%), followed by gestational hypertension (33.8%) and chronic hypertension with superimposed preeclampsia (12.1%). Adverse neonatal outcomes among HDP cases included preterm birth (41.9%), low birth weight (48.6%), NICU admission (35.1%), and stillbirth (6.8%). Infants born to mothers with severe preeclampsia had significantly higher rates of low birth weight and NICU admission compared to those with other forms of HDP (p<0.05). Conclusion: HDP remains a significant contributor to adverse neonatal outcomes, particularly preterm birth, low birth weight, and NICU admission. Early identification, close maternal-fetal surveillance, and timely intervention are essential to improving perinatal outcomes in affected pregnancies.

Background: Trauma-related deaths represent a pressing public health crisis in India, disproportionately affecting the working-age population. Despite growing awareness, wide regional variations, underreporting, and limited forensic infrastructure hinder effective response and policy formulation. This systematic review evaluates the epidemiological trends, state-wise burden, risk determinants, and forensic insights derived from trauma-related deaths in India. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive literature review was performed using PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, NCRB reports, and MoRTH publications from 2010–2024. Eligible studies included original epidemiological analyses, autopsy-based reports, and national datasets. The review compares patterns across states and trauma categories and examines forensic implications in medico-legal documentation and mortality surveillance. Results: Road traffic accidents (RTAs) remain the predominant cause of trauma-related mortality, followed by suicides, homicides, occupational injuries, and accidental falls. States like Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra exhibited the highest incidence, whereas Kerala demonstrated a contrasting pattern with lower homicide rates but higher suicide-related trauma. Young adult males (20–45 years) were consistently the most affected demographic. Forensic autopsy data revealed consistent patterns of injury severity and timing that were often underutilized in official records. Conclusion: Trauma-related deaths in India stem primarily from preventable causes. Strengthening forensic infrastructure, improving intersectoral coordination, and enforcing trauma registries are essential for reducing mortality and ensuring legal accountability.

Background: Vaccine hesitancy remains a significant barrier to achieving optimal immunization coverage among children under five, especially in semi-urban areas where healthcare access is variable. Parental concerns about vaccine safety, misinformation, and cultural beliefs contribute to delays or refusals in routine immunization, undermining public health efforts to control vaccine-preventable diseases. Materials and Methods: This mixed-methods study was conducted over six months in selected semi-urban health centers. A cross-sectional survey using a structured questionnaire was administered to 400 parents of under-five children to quantify the prevalence of vaccine hesitancy and associated factors. In-depth interviews were conducted with 30 parents to explore underlying beliefs and perceptions. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS version 25, with chi-square tests and logistic regression to identify predictors. Qualitative data were thematically analyzed. Results: Vaccine hesitancy was observed in 27.5% of respondents. Major predictors included low maternal education (OR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.4–3.7; p<0.01), fear of adverse effects (OR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.2–3.1; p=0.02), and reliance on social media for health information (OR: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.5–4.4; p<0.001). Qualitative findings revealed mistrust in healthcare providers, influence of community leaders, and previous negative experiences as common themes influencing hesitancy. Conclusion: Vaccine hesitancy among parents in semi-urban regions is multifactorial, driven by educational, informational, and experiential factors. Tailored interventions focusing on health education, trust-building, and regulation of misinformation are essential to improve vaccine uptake in these populations.

Background: Optimal fluid management plays a critical role in perioperative care during cardiac surgery. Goal-directed fluid therapy (GDFT), guided by dynamic hemodynamic parameters, has shown potential in improving patient outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of GDFT on postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing valvular heart surgery. Material and Methods: A prospective, randomized controlled trial was conducted on 112 adult patients undergoing elective valvular heart surgery. Participants were randomly assigned into two groups: Group G (GDFT group, n=56) received intraoperative fluid therapy guided by stroke volume variation and cardiac index, while Group C (Conventional group, n=56) received fluid therapy based on central venous pressure and clinical assessment. Standardized anesthesia and surgical protocols were followed. Postoperative outcomes including duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU and hospital stay, fluid balance, and complications were compared between groups. Results: Baseline characteristics were comparable between the two groups. Group G received significantly less intraoperative fluid (1850 ± 320 mL vs 2480 ± 410 mL; p<0.001) and demonstrated improved urine output. The mean duration of mechanical ventilation was significantly shorter in Group G (9.2 ± 3.1 hours) compared to Group C (12.8 ± 4.7 hours; p<0.001). ICU and hospital stays were also reduced in the GDFT group (p<0.001). Incidence of acute kidney injury was lower in Group G (5.4%) than in Group C (17.9%; p=0.04). Other complications were numerically lower in Group G, though not statistically significant. Conclusion: Goal-directed fluid therapy significantly improves postoperative recovery in valvular heart surgery patients by reducing mechanical ventilation time, ICU and hospital stays, and the incidence of acute kidney injury. GDFT should be considered as a standard intraoperative strategy in this population.

Background & Methods: The aim of the study is to compare the effectiveness and safety of heat-stable carbetocin versus oxytocin in the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) following cesarean section. Compilation and validation of collected data. Statistical analysis to compare outcomes between the two groups. Preparation of the final research report and dissemination of findings. Results: The need for additional uterotonic agents. In the carbetocin group, only 4.76% of women required additional uterotonics, compared to 14.3% in the oxytocin group. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.003), indicating better effectiveness of carbetocin in reducing the need for further uterotonics. Conclusion: The age distribution was similar in both groups, with most participants between 21 to 30 years of age. The mean age was slightly lower in the carbetocin group. The gestational age at delivery was comparable in both groups, with most deliveries occurring between 37 and 41 weeks. Emergency caesarean sections were more common than elective procedures in both groups. The incidence of postpartum haemorrhage was significantly lower in the carbetocin group, suggesting better preventive efficacy. Women in the carbetocin group had lower volume of blood loss compared to those in the oxytocin group. The need for additional uterotonic agents was significantly lower in the carbetocin group, indicating greater clinical effectiveness.

Background: Acute ankle sprains are among the most common musculoskeletal injuries in athletes and active individuals, often leading to pain, instability, and functional limitations. Kinesiology taping (KT) has gained popularity as a non-invasive intervention to support soft tissue healing, reduce pain, and enhance proprioception. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of KT on pain reduction and functional performance in individuals with grade I or II acute lateral ankle sprain. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted involving 60 participants aged 18–35 years diagnosed with acute lateral ankle sprain. Subjects were randomly assigned to two groups: Group A (n = 30) received kinesiology taping plus standard physiotherapy, while Group B (n = 30) received standard physiotherapy alone. Pain was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and functional performance was evaluated using the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT) and Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) at baseline and after 2 weeks of intervention. Results: Group A showed a significant reduction in VAS scores from 7.2 ± 1.1 at baseline to 2.6 ± 0.9 at 2 weeks (p < 0.001), whereas Group B improved from 7.1 ± 1.3 to 4.1 ± 1.2 (p < 0.01). CAIT scores improved significantly in Group A (from 14.3 ± 2.5 to 24.1 ± 2.0) compared to Group B (from 14.1 ± 2.7 to 20.3 ± 2.4) (p < 0.05). Similarly, SEBT scores improved more in Group A across all directions, especially anterior (p = 0.02), posteromedial (p = 0.01), and posterolateral (p = 0.03). Conclusion: Kinesiology taping, when combined with standard physiotherapy, significantly reduces pain and enhances functional performance in patients with acute lateral ankle sprain. It is a beneficial adjunct therapy in early rehabilitation.

Background: Marathon running has witnessed a surge in popularity among amateur athletes. However, limited training guidance and inadequate preventive strategies contribute to a significant incidence of running-related injuries. Understanding injury patterns and evaluating preventive measures is crucial for enhancing performance and reducing morbidity. Materials and Methods: This prospective cohort study included 300 amateur marathon runners (180 males, 120 females) enrolled over 6 months. Participants were monitored for 16 weeks leading up to a full marathon. Data were collected on demographics, training volume, injury occurrence, and preventive practices such as warm-up routines, footwear usage, and cross-training. Injuries were documented using a structured weekly online questionnaire and verified by a sports physician. Statistical analysis included chi-square tests and logistic regression to identify associations (p<0.05). Results: Out of 300 runners, 126 (42%) reported at least one injury during the training period. The most common injuries included medial tibial stress syndrome (24%), iliotibial band syndrome (19%), and plantar fasciitis (15%). Injury incidence was significantly higher in runners exceeding 50 km/week without strength training (p=0.03). Participants who followed structured warm-up and strength training routines had a 35% lower injury rate (p=0.01). Footwear replacement within 500–700 km was associated with reduced injury occurrence (p=0.04). Conclusion: Amateur marathon runners are at a considerable risk for overuse injuries, especially without proper preventive strategies. Incorporating strength training, appropriate footwear usage, and warm-up exercises significantly reduces injury incidence. Education and preventive program implementation should be integral to amateur marathon training plans.

Background: Early puberty is often accompanied by emotional, psychological, and physiological changes that can influence self-esteem and body mass index (BMI). With the growing use of digital tools in education and health promotion, school-based digital interventions present a promising approach to address these challenges. This study evaluates the impact of a structured school-based digital intervention on self-esteem and BMI among early pubertal children. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted over a 6-month period involving 180 children aged 9–12 years from three urban schools. Participants were randomly assigned into two groups: intervention (n = 90) and control (n = 90). The intervention group received weekly digital modules on healthy eating, physical activity, body image, and emotional well-being via a school tablet-based application. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and standardized BMI measurements were used at baseline and post-intervention. Data were analyzed using paired and independent t-tests. Results: At baseline, the mean self-esteem score was 19.6 ± 3.2 in the intervention group and 19.3 ± 3.1 in the control group (p = 0.64). After 6 months, the intervention group showed a significant increase in self-esteem scores (24.1 ± 2.8) compared to the control group (20.1 ± 3.0), with p < 0.001. Similarly, the mean BMI in the intervention group decreased from 21.8 ± 2.5 kg/m² to 20.9 ± 2.3 kg/m² (p = 0.01), while the control group showed a slight, non-significant increase (21.5 ± 2.6 kg/m² to 21.7 ± 2.7 kg/m²; p = 0.42). Conclusion: School-based digital interventions are effective in enhancing self-esteem and promoting a modest reduction in BMI among early pubertal children. Integrating digital health education into the school curriculum may offer a scalable strategy for supporting children's psychosocial and physical development.

Background: Patellar tendinopathy, commonly known as “jumper’s knee,” is a prevalent overuse injury among athletes involved in sports requiring repetitive jumping and rapid acceleration-deceleration. Eccentric and concentric training have been extensively used for rehabilitation, but comparative evidence regarding their efficacy remains inconclusive. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted involving 60 athletes diagnosed with chronic patellar tendinopathy. Participants were randomly allocated into two groups: Group A (n=30) underwent a 6-week eccentric training program, while Group B (n=30) followed a matched concentric training protocol. Pain intensity was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and functional performance was evaluated using the Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment-Patella (VISA-P) questionnaire at baseline, week 3, and week 6. Results: At the end of 6 weeks, Group A showed a significant reduction in VAS scores from 7.2 ± 1.1 to 2.8 ± 0.9, whereas Group B showed a reduction from 7.0 ± 1.0 to 4.5 ± 1.2. The VISA-P scores improved more in Group A (from 42.3 ± 6.4 to 82.6 ± 5.9) compared to Group B (from 43.1 ± 7.1 to 70.2 ± 6.7). The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Eccentric training demonstrated superior outcomes in reducing pain and enhancing functional performance compared to concentric training in athletes with patellar tendinopathy. It should be considered a preferred rehabilitation strategy in sports physiotherapy.

Background: Pre-exercise nutritional strategies significantly influence exercise performance and recovery. Carbohydrate (CHO) and protein (PRO) supplements are commonly used by resistance-trained individuals, but their comparative effects on muscle recovery and performance remain inconclusive. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted involving 40 resistance-trained males aged 20–30 years. Participants were divided into two groups: CHO group (n=20) received 50g maltodextrin and PRO group (n=20) received 30g whey protein isolate 30 minutes before training. Both groups followed a standardized resistance-training protocol thrice weekly for 6 weeks. Muscle soreness (via VAS score), creatine kinase (CK) levels, and 1-repetition maximum (1RM) for bench press and squat were assessed at baseline and post-intervention. Results: Post-training, the PRO group showed a significantly lower mean VAS score for muscle soreness (2.1 ± 0.6) compared to the CHO group (3.5 ± 0.7; p < 0.01). Mean CK levels were also lower in the PRO group (185 ± 25 U/L) versus the CHO group (260 ± 30 U/L; p < 0.01). Strength performance improved in both groups, but the PRO group exhibited greater increase in 1RM for bench press (↑15.2%) and squat (↑17.6%) than the CHO group (↑10.8% and ↑12.3%, respectively; p < 0.05). Conclusion: Pre-exercise protein supplementation resulted in superior muscle recovery and performance gains compared to carbohydrate supplementation in resistance-trained individuals. These findings support the inclusion of protein in pre-exercise nutrition protocols.

Background: Sedentary lifestyles contribute significantly to decreased cardiovascular fitness and impaired metabolic profiles. High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) has emerged as a time-efficient alternative to traditional aerobic exercise, with potential benefits on VO₂ max and metabolic markers. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a 12-week HIIT protocol on aerobic capacity and selected metabolic parameters in sedentary adults. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 sedentary adults aged 25–45 years were randomly assigned to either a HIIT group (n=20) or a control group (n=20). The HIIT group performed 4 weekly sessions comprising 4×4-minute cycling bouts at 85–90% of HRmax with 3-minute active recovery. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included VO₂ max (via treadmill testing), fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL-C levels. The control group maintained their sedentary habits. Results: After 12 weeks, the HIIT group showed a significant increase in VO₂ max (from 32.1 ± 3.8 to 39.5 ± 4.2 mL/kg/min, p < 0.001). Fasting blood glucose decreased from 102.4 ± 6.2 mg/dL to 94.3 ± 5.9 mg/dL (p < 0.01). Total cholesterol and triglycerides decreased by 12.5% and 15.2%, respectively, while HDL-C increased by 8.1%. No significant changes were observed in the control group. Conclusion: A 12-week HIIT intervention significantly improved VO₂ max and beneficially altered metabolic markers in previously sedentary adults. HIIT presents an effective strategy for enhancing cardiovascular and metabolic health with minimal time commitment.

Background: Cushing syndrome (CS), characterized by chronic hypercortisolemia, is associated with cardiovascular complications and a prothrombotic state. While the link between CS and metabolic disturbances is well-established, the interplay between cardiac valve dysfunction, hypercoagulability, thyroid function, and platelet biomarkers remains underexplored. This study aims to assess the prevalence of valvular abnormalities and hypercoagulability in CS patients and examine their correlation with thyroid profile and platelet indices. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 72 patients diagnosed with endogenous Cushing syndrome. Echocardiographic evaluation was used to identify cardiac valve lesions. Thyroid function tests (TSH, fT3, fT4) and platelet parameters (platelet count, mean platelet volume [MPV], platelet distribution width [PDW]) were analyzed. Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and D-dimer levels were used to assess coagulation status. Statistical analysis included Pearson’s correlation, chi-square test, and multivariate regression, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results: Of the 72 CS patients, 29 (40.3%) had echocardiographic evidence of mild-to-moderate valvular dysfunction, predominantly mitral regurgitation (22.2%). Elevated MPV (>11 fL) was noted in 48 (66.7%) patients, while PDW was increased in 52 (72.2%). Hypercoagulability markers were abnormal in 44 (61.1%) patients, with raised D-dimer in 31 (43.1%). Subclinical hypothyroidism was observed in 18 (25%) patients, significantly correlating with both MPV (r = 0.41, p = 0.002) and valvular changes (p = 0.01). Multivariate analysis revealed MPV and TSH as independent predictors of valvular dysfunction. Conclusion: Cardiac valve abnormalities and hypercoagulability are common in patients with Cushing syndrome and show significant associations with thyroid dysfunction and altered platelet indices. Routine cardiovascular and coagulation screening, alongside thyroid function assessment, may be beneficial for comprehensive risk stratification in CS.

Background: The umbilical cord serves as the vital connection between the fetus and the placenta, playing a crucial role in fetal development by supplying oxygen and essential nutrients, comprising two arteries and one vein encased in Wharton's jelly.The umbilical cord not only facilitates metabolic exchange but also protects the fetal vessels from compression. Methods:  Prospective Analytical Study done in the Department of Radiodiagnosis of M.G.M. Medical College and M.Y. Hospital, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India. A total of 200 patients referred to our department for antenatal scan between 18 weeks to 28 weeks were included in the study.Antenatal Umbilical Coiling Index was calculated as reciprocal value of distance between pair of coils measured from inner edge of arterial or venous wall to outer edge of next coil along the ipsilateral side of umbilical cord and umbilical blood vein flow was also calculated and compared with perinatal outcome. Results: Out of 200 patients in our study, 47 participants had abnormal coiling Index out of which 23 (48.9%) participants were hypercoiled and 24(51%) were hypocoiled.In our study, out of total 19 participants with abnormal umbilical vein blood flow, 6(31.5%) participants had increased umbilical vein blood flow and 13(68.4%) participants had decreased umbilical vein blood flow. Conclusion: This study demonstrates a positive correlation between umbilical coiling index and maternal and fetal outcome. Abnormal umbilical coiling index and abnormal umbilical vein flow was associated with a higher incidence of pre term delivery, LSCS, low birth weight, poor APGAR scores and NICU admission. So, mothers with antenatal abnormal umbilical coiling index and abnormal umbilical vein flow should deliver at hospitals with good obstetric and NICU care.

Background: Liver cirrhosis which is the irreversible end-stage of the chronic liver disease is marked with large liver scarring, nodular regeneration and deterioration of liver functions. The process of lipid metabolism closely depends on the liver functioning, and a lot of violation in the lipid profile is typical of a cirrhotic patient. The abnormal lipid levels especially the abnormalities of the HDL cholesterol and the changes in the total cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides are becoming sometime potential determinants of the fate in cirrhosis. The purpose of this study was to assess the abnormalities in lipid profile among the patients with cirrhosis and their correlation with the severity of liver dysfunction by a Child-Pugh and MELD score system. Methods: It was an observational study, policy based, single-centered, cross-sectional research carried out at Amaltas Institute of Medical Sciences, Dewas. In the research, a stratum of 100 adult inpatients with liver cirrhosis was considered. Demographic data, clinical history, and lipid profile values were captured and severity determined by Child-Pugh, and MELD scores. The links between the abnormalities of lipid profile and these scoring systems were considered with assessing their potential as prognostic variables. Results: Most of the participants (80 percent) were male, and most of them belong within the age bracket of 41-50 years. The abnormalities in lipid profile were considerably connected with the severity of cirrhosis, which is evidenced by the fact that a decrease in the level of total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL was associated with the increase in Child-Pugh class and MELD score. There was a significant negative correlation between MELD and the levels of total cholesterol, HDL and LDL; the level of triglyceride had a weak positive correlation to MELD. These results indicate that there exists an intimate relationship between liver dysfunction with lipid abnormalities. Conclusion: Maladies of the lipid profile, especially in total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL, indicate a significant association with the level of liver cirrhosis as shown by child-pugh and MELD scales. Such data may justify the possibility of the usage of lipid profile measurements as the potential prognostic tool in cirrhosis, offering a cheap and non-invasive way to evaluate its progression and labor to prophesy the results. It requires further confirmation in other groups before general clinical use.

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus and a leading cause of preventable blindness. Early detection and timely intervention are essential to reduce the burden of visual impairment. However, awareness levels remain low, especially in underserved regions. Aim: To assess the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and the level of awareness regarding the condition among patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus attending the ophthalmology outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital in Central India. Materials and Methods: This was a single-centre, hospital-based, observational cross-sectional study conducted over 18 months in the Department of Ophthalmology at Amaltas Institute of Medical Sciences, Dewas, Madhya Pradesh. A total of 100 adult patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (HbA1c >6.5%) were enrolled using non-probability convenience sampling. Data collection included a structured questionnaire on awareness, detailed ocular examination (including dilated fundus examination), and laboratory testing for HbA1c levels. Diabetic retinopathy was classified according to the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) scale. Results: Among the 100 participants, the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was 17%. Mild DR was observed in 7%, moderate NPDR in 3%, severe NPDR in 6%, and PDR in 1% of patients. Only 42% of patients knew what diabetic retinopathy is, 38% were aware that high blood sugar affects vision, and 27% believed diabetes could lead to blindness. Regular eye screening was poorly understood, with 42% seeking eye care only when vision was affected. Conclusion: The study highlights a significant prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and a low level of awareness among diabetic patients. There is an urgent need to strengthen public health education and implement regular retinal screening programs to prevent vision loss in this high-risk population.

Introduction: Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) is an age-related systemic disorder characterized by the deposition of fibrillar extracellular material in ocular tissues, notably affecting the anterior segment. It poses significant challenges during cataract surgery due to associated complications such as poor pupillary dilation and zonular instability. Objective: To evaluate the risk factors leading to intraoperative complications and to determine the intra- and postoperative complications in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome undergoing cataract surgery. Methods: This hospital-based, cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology, Amaltas Institute of Medical Sciences, Dewas, Madhya Pradesh, from April 2023 to September 2024. A total of 58 patients with PEX undergoing manual small incision cataract surgery (MSICS) were included. Detailed preoperative assessment, intraoperative observations, and postoperative follow-up were performed, including visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and anterior segment evaluation. Results: The majority of patients were aged 61–70 years (43.1%) and male (58.6%). Bilateral PEX was observed in 75.86% of cases. Preoperative signs included pseudoexfoliation material on pupillary margins (96.6%) and lens surface (93.1%). Intraoperative complications included sphincterotomy (34.5%), difficulty in capsulorrhexis (19%), and zonular dialysis (8.62%). Postoperatively, common issues included raised IOP, corneal edema, and posterior capsular opacification. Most patients experienced improved visual outcomes post-surgery. Conclusion: Pseudoexfoliation syndrome significantly increases the risk of intraoperative and postoperative complications during cataract surgery. Thorough preoperative evaluation, careful surgical technique, and use of adjuncts like capsular tension rings are essential to optimize outcomes and minimize complications in these patients.

Precise knowledge of renal morphometry underpins clinical decision-making in urology, nephrology, radiology, and transplant surgery. Variations in size, shape, and weight of kidneys influence diagnostic imaging interpretations and surgical approaches. Establishing normative cadaveric data provides a benchmark for assessing pathological alterations and planning interventions.

Background: The sinus of the Valsalva aneurysm (SVA) is an uncommon cardiac defect, most frequently involving the right coronary sinus. Unruptured aneurysms may remain silent, whereas rupture often results in acute left-to-right shunting and heart failure. Due to its rarity, most available data come from limited institutional series. This study reports our surgical experience managing ruptured and unruptured SVAs, highlighting clinical presentation, operative strategies, and outcomes. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on seven patients (six with ruptured, one with unruptured SVA) treated surgically between 2019 and 2024. Data on clinical features, imaging, intraoperative findings, and postoperativeoutcomes were reviewed. All patients underwent patch repair of the aneurysm, and concomitant procedures such as aortic or mitral valve replacement or ventricular septal defect (VSD) closure were performed as indicated. Results: The cohort consisted predominantly of young males (mean age 25.1 years). Most aneurysms originated from the right coronary sinus; one involved the left coronary sinus with a rare rupture into the superior vena cava. Associated anomalies included ventricular septal defect (57%) and moderate-to-severe aortic regurgitation (57%). Two patients had failed prior transcatheter closure attempts. In all cases, surgical repair via patch closure was successful, with four patients requiring valve replacements. No perioperative deaths occurred. At a median follow-up of 24 months, all patients were alive, symptomatically improved, and free of significant complications. Conclusions: Surgical management of SVA using patch repair—combined with valve or septal interventions as needed—offers excellent outcomes with low risk. The individualized surgical strategy remains essential, especially in atypical presentations or post-device failure. Early repair is strongly advised for ruptured and select unruptured aneurysms with hemodynamic significance.

Background: Hypertension remains a major global health concern, often associated with target organ damage including the kidneys. The Renin–Angiotensin System (RAS) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of hypertension and renal dysfunction. Accurate, non-invasive assessment of renal cortical perfusion is crucial for evaluating kidney health. Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) has emerged as a promising imaging tool to assess real-time microvascular perfusion. This review systematically evaluates the evidence regarding CEUS-based renal cortical perfusion assessment in hypertensive patients and its correlation with RAS activity. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane databases for studies published between January 2005 and May 2025. Keywords included: "contrast-enhanced ultrasound", "renal cortical perfusion", "hypertension", and "renin–angiotensin system". Inclusion criteria were clinical studies evaluating CEUS-based renal perfusion in hypertensive adults with available data on RAS biomarkers (e.g., plasma renin activity, aldosterone levels). Quality assessment was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for observational studies and Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for RCTs. Results: A total of 20 studies involving approximately 1,342 hypertensive patients were reviewed to assess renal cortical perfusion, predominantly through contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). Among these, 14 studies demonstrated a consistent reduction in perfusion parameters—such as prolonged time-to-peak, decreased wash-in rate, and reduced peak intensity—particularly in patients with poorly controlled or long-standing hypertension. Importantly, elevated plasma renin activity and aldosterone levels showed a strong correlation with impaired CEUS metrics in several studies, reinforcing the role of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) in hypertensive renal injury. In over 85% of cases, CEUS findings were concordant with advanced imaging (MRI) or renal histopathology, supporting its diagnostic reliability. Notably, six interventional studies reported that antihypertensive therapy targeting RAAS led to significant improvements in renal perfusion parameters on follow-up CEUS. Indian studies emphasized the utility of Doppler indices (RI, PI) and CEUS as non-invasive, bedside tools for early detection of hypertensive nephropathy, with added insights into microalbuminuria, blood pressure duration, and cortical flow reserve. Collectively, these findings highlight CEUS as a sensitive, reproducible, and radiation-free modality for evaluating renal microvascular integrity in hypertension, with potential utility in risk stratification and therapeutic monitoring. Conclusion: CEUS is a valuable, non-invasive modality for assessing renal cortical perfusion in hypertensive patients. There is strong evidence supporting its correlation with RAS activity. Incorporating CEUS into routine hypertensive workup may enhance early detection of renal impairment and guide personalized antihypertensive therapy